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Babur ((ペルシア語:بابر), "Tiger";〔 14 February 148326 December 1530), born Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn Muḥammad ((アラビア語:ظهیرالدین محمد), ''Zahir al-Din Muhammad''), was a conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamurlane) from the Barlas clan, through his father, and also a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. He was also influenced by the Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.〔F. Lehmann: (Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor ). In Encyclopædia Iranica. Online Ed. December 1988 (updated August 2011). "BĀBOR, ẒAHĪR-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD (6 Moḥarram 886-6 Jomādā I 937/14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530), Timurid prince, military genius, and literary craftsman who escaped the bloody political arena of his Central Asian birthplace to found the Mughal Empire in India. His origin, milieu, training, and education were steeped in Persian culture and so Bābor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results."〕〔Robert L. Canfield, Robert L. (1991). ''Turko-Persia in historical perspective'', Cambridge University Press, p.20. "The Mughals-Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis – strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India".〕 Though born as Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, he was commonly known as Babur. He was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza. He ascended the throne of Fergana in 1495 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion from his own relatives. He conquered Samarkand two years later, only to lose the city of Fergana soon after. In his attempt to reconquer it, he lost control of Samarkand. In 1501, his attempt to recapture both cities went in vain as he was defeated by Muhammad Shaybani Khan. In 1504, he conquered Kabul, which was under the rule of the infant heir of Ulugh Begh. Babur formed a partnership with Safavid ruler Ismail I and reconquered parts of central Asia including Samarkand, only to lose again to the Uzbeks. After losing the city for the third time, Babur turned his attention to creating his empire in north India. At that time, north India was ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty. In 1524, Daulat Khan Lodi invited his nephew, Babur, to overthrow Ibrahim and become ruler. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and so founded the Mughal empire. However, he again had to face opposition, this time from Rana Sanga of Mewar who considered Babur as a foreigner. The Rana was defeated at the Battle of Khanwa. Babur married several times. Notable among his sons are Humayun, Kamran Mirza and Hindal Mirza. He died in 1530 and was succeeded by Humayun. According to Babur's wishes, he was buried in Bagh-e-Babur at Kabul in Afghanistan. Being a patrilineal descendant of Timur, Babur considered himself as a Timurid and Turk, though Uzbek sources claim him as an ethnic Uzbek. He is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Many of his poems also have become popular folk songs. He wrote his autobiography, ''Baburnama'', in Chaghatai Turkic and this was later translated to Persian during Akbar's reign. ==Name== Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn is Arabic for "Defender of the Faith" of Islam and Muhammad honors its prophet. The difficulty of pronouncing the name for his Central Asian Turco-Mongol army may have been responsible for the greater popularity of his nickname Babur, also variously spelled Baber, Babar, and Bābor.〔 The name is generally taken in reference to the Persian ''babr'', meaning "tiger".〔 The word repeatedly appears in Ferdowsi's ''Shahnameh'' and was borrowed into the Turkic languages of Central Asia.〔Thumb, Albert, ''Handbuch des Sanskrit, mit Texten und Glossar'', German original, ed. C. Winter, 1953, (Snippet, p.318 )〕 Timur's name had undergone a similar evolution, with the Sanskrit ''cimara'' ("iron") becoming pronounced first '' *čimr'' and then a Turkicized ''timür'', owing to the need to provide vocalic support between the ''m'' and ''r'' in Turkic languages. The choice of vowel would nominally be restricted to one of the four front vowels (''e'', ''i'', ''ö'', ''ü'' per the Ottoman vowel harmony rule), hence ''babr'' → ''babür'', although the rule is routinely violated for words of Persian or Arabic derivation.〔''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland'', Cambridge University Press, 1972. (Snippet, p.104 ).〕 Thackston argues for an alternate derivation from the PIE word "beaver", pointing to similarities between the pronunciation ''Bābor'' and the Russian ''bobr'' (, "beaver"). Babur bore the royal titles ''Badshah'' and ''al-ṣultānu 'l-ʿazam wa 'l-ḫāqān al-mukkarram pādshāh-e ġāzī''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Babur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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